The process of micro crack formation in sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles is pivotal for strip mine in cold regions.A discrete element numerical model considering the variation of frost heave force and water saturation during Repellents Indoor the freeze-thaw cycles is established by PFC3D in this paper.The results indicate that: (1) During freeze-thaw cycles, the development of cracks can be divided into three stages: stable, growth and explosive stage.The crack quantity in the stable and growth stage increases exponentially, while the quantity of cracks in the explosive stage increases linearly quickly.
(2) Repeated freeze-thaws cause progressive damage to rocks from surface to interior.As WOMENS SHORTS the times of freeze-thaw increase, cracks gradually develop, and their distribution becomes more uniform on different angles.(3) Sandstone that have undergone freeze-thaw cycles is more prone to tensile failure, and the distribution of cracks becomes even more complex.These research findings provide a more accurate understanding of micro-fracture mechanisms in rocks in the freeze-thaw condition.